====== Diagram Loads on Caisson Breakwaters by Standing Waves (Sainflou Method) ====== Shown are the results of the method of //Sainflou// to determine the pressure loads of a Caisson breakwater by standing waves. \\ The formulae for the calculated parameters are shown in the lower part of the page for the purpose of clarity. \\ \\ The method of //Miche-Rundgren// for reflection coefficients \( 0.9 \leq K_r < 1.0 \) is as well taken into account as the increase of the seaward bound horizontal force \( F_{h-} \) according to //Oumeraci et al.// \\ \\ The lever arms result from a geometrical approach. Lernplattform des Leichtweiß-Institut für Wasserbau
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Dispersion relation





Wave crest
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Formulae for the method of //Sainflou// : \\ \\ Average water level rise with wave motion \( h_0 = \frac{\pi \cdot H^2}{L} \cdot \coth(\frac{2\pi \cdot d}{L}) \), \\ Pressure ordinate \( p_1 = \frac{\rho_w \cdot g \cdot H}{\cosh(\frac{2\pi \cdot d}{L})} \), \\ Pressure ordinate \( p_2 = ( p_1 + \rho_w \cdot g \cdot d ) \cdot \left( \frac{H + h_0}{d + H + h_0} \right) \), \\ Pressure ordinate \( p_3 = \rho_w \cdot g \cdot ( H - h_0 ) \), \\ Landward bound horizontal force \( F_{h+} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left[ p_2 \cdot ( H + h_0 ) + ( p_2 + p_1) \cdot d \right] \), \\ Seaward bound horizontal force \( F_{h-} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left[ p_3 \cdot ( H - h_0 ) + ( p_3 + p_1 ) \cdot ( d - H + h_0 ) \right] \). \\ \\ The following also applies: Sea water density \( \rho_w = 1025 \frac{kg}{m^3} \), and acceleration due to gravity \( g = 9.81 \frac{m}{s^2} \). \\ \\ Method of //Miche-Rundgren// : \\ Design wave height \( H_{d} = \frac{( 1 + K_r ) \cdot H}{2} \) \\ \\ Increase of the seaward bound horizontal force \( F_{h-} \) according to //Oumeraci et al.// for relative wave heights \( \frac{H_d}{d} < 0.6 \) : \\ Seaward bound horizontal force \( F_{h-,d} = F_{h-} \cdot 1.3 \) The field of Loads on Structures is part of the module **[[https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/lwi/hyku/teaching/master/coastal-dynamics-and-engineering-design|Coastal Dynamics and Engineering Design]]** within the specialization Coastal and Ocean Engineering of the master programmes Civil and Environmental Engineering.